|
发表于 2012-1-13 18:17:19
|
显示全部楼层
第 87 楼 <br />
转至第86楼第 86 楼 东亚王瑜43 2011/12/5 16:57:35的原帖:但是印第安人太善良了,跟中国人一样,假设了一个前提,白人都是道德高尚的。下面我们谈谈白人怎么用天花消灭印第安人的<br />
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++<br />
杰弗里.阿姆赫斯特的名字却因用天花病污染过的毛毯向美洲印地安人发动细菌战的故事而狼藉。例如,卡尔.瓦尔德曼的“北美印地安人”一书[纽约:档案中的事实,1985]中陈述了这些故事。瓦尔德曼在描述1763年庞蒂雅克统帅的部队围困Pitt堡(匹茨堡)时提到: 西姆昂.埃克尔上尉用向堡垒周围的印地安人散发天花病毒感染的毛毯和手绢——这是一个早期的生物战的例子——在印地安人中引发瘟疫的办法赢得了时间。阿姆赫斯特在给埃克尔的信中亲自对这种战术予以鼓励[第108页]。 These are the pivotal letters: 两封关键的信: Colonel Henry Bouquet to General<br />
Amherst, dated 13 July 1763, [262k] suggests in a postscript the distribution<br />
of blankets to "inocculate the Indians"; 亨利.波奎特1763年7月13日致阿姆赫斯特将军的信,提议用发放毛毯来“给印地安人接种”。 Amherst to Bouquet, dated 16 July<br />
1763, [128k] approves this plan in a postscript and suggests as well as<br />
"to try Every other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execrable<br />
Race." (This postcript spans two pages.) 阿姆赫斯1763年7月16日给波奎特回信,批准他的计划,并提议“尝试任何其它有助于根除这个该死的种族”的办法。 Trent's entry for May 24, 1763,<br />
includes the following statement: 1763年5月24日,特仑特记载如下: ……我们给了他们两条天花医院的毛毯和手绢。我希望效果理想。 (以下见Plains Indian Smallpox平原印地安人天花) http://www.thefurtrapper.com/indian_smallpox.htm In 1495, fifty-seven to eighty<br />
percent of the native population of Santa Domingo and in 1515, two-thirds of<br />
the Indians of Puerto Rico were wiped out by smallpox. Ten years after Cortez<br />
arrived in Mexico, the native population had been reduced from twenty-five<br />
million to six million five hundred thousand a reduction of seventy-four<br />
percent. Even the most conservative estimates place the deaths from smallpox<br />
above sixty-five percent (Bray). 1495年,圣多明戈原住民人口的57%到80%被天花灭绝了。1515年,天花消灭了波多黎各印地安人的三分之二。科尔特兹来到墨西哥之后十年,原住民人口从2500万减少到650万,降低了74%。即便最保守的估计也认为天花造成的死亡超过65%。 Prior to the arrival of Europeans, various sources<br />
estimate native population in North and South America at ninety to one hundred<br />
million. In the fifteen hundreds, the American Indian population in North<br />
America has been estimated at approximately twelve million, but by the early<br />
nineteen hundreds, the population had been reduced to roughly four hundred and<br />
seventy-four thousand. It is impossible to arrive at a number for the millions<br />
of American Indians killed during this period by European diseases with<br />
smallpox the deadliest by far. 根据各种渠道估计,欧洲人到来之前南北美洲土著居民人口约9千万到一亿。在16世纪里,北美印地安人约1200万,而到20世纪时,人口数量已经减少到大约17万4千。如今已无法计算出欧洲人带来的天花等致命疾病究竟杀死了多少万美洲印地安人。 …… 美洲印地安人从上亿锐减到微不足道的17万4千,基本被灭绝了。其中绝大部分死于“天花细菌战”——比“饿死三千万”厉害多了。 |
|